Be a man and wear a respirator when putting the blanket on your dome, even a dust mask will do for crying out loud

Just some tough love for a fellow pizza enthusiast.
You will be fine plus its covered by cement and the fibers wont be airborne after they are covered and your oven is complete. If you are going to be building an oven you will be mixing cement and mortar as well as cutting brick. You will be exposed to silica dust which is not good for you either but most will agree that its worth the risk for your own oven. There are people including myself that deal with these elements everyday on a construction site.
Anyway, I would double up the the blanket with vermiculite... mix vermiculite/portland cement/lime at 14:1:1 ratio add a little water to the mix and that will also keep the dust down since all insulation is often associated with a cancer risk. You can't really avoid it if you want to do it well... just be smart about, seldom exposures wont hurt you. Don't skimp on insulation and definately insulate the slab under your hearth!
Al